Lithium-ion batteries for low-temperature applications: Limiting
Modern technologies used in the sea, the poles, or aerospace require reliable batteries with outstanding performance at temperatures below zero degrees. However,
Owing to their several advantages, such as light weight, high specific capacity, good charge retention, long-life cycling, and low toxicity, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been the energy storage devices of choice for various applications, including portable electronics like mobile phones, laptops, and cameras .
Last but not the least, battery testing protocols at low temperatures must not be overlooked, taking into account the real conditions in practice where the battery, in most cases, is charged at room temperature and only discharged at low temperatures depending on the field of application.
However, to mitigate the cost and resource constraints of lithium-based systems, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a promising alternative, especially for large-scale energy storage. Nonetheless, SIBs also experience substantial performance degradation in extreme conditions.
Main research flaws of LIBs for ultra-low temperatures are pointed out for tackling. Modern technologies used in the sea, the poles, or aerospace require reliable batteries with outstanding performance at temperatures below zero degrees.
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