Powering Southeast Asia''s future: why off-grid
The role of off-grid renewable energy in advancing global sustainability, with a focus on ASEAN''s urban centers, highlighting cost
Consequently, the integration of wind energy can substantially reduce the reliance on energy storage to stabilise the electricity systems when solar energy is not sufficient. However, compared with solar energy, the seasonal variability in wind energy in Southeast Asia is large.
Within all the scenarios, the duration of storage is in the range of 0–38 h, which means hours or days of short-term energy storage are required in Southeast Asia rather than weeks or months of long-term, seasonal energy storage.
The results show that, with support provided by STORES, the Southeast Asian electricity industry can achieve very high penetration (78%–97%) of domestic solar and wind energy resources. The levelised costs of electricity range from 55 to 115 U.S. dollars per megawatt-hour based on 2020 technology costs.
However, compared with solar energy, the seasonal variability in wind energy in Southeast Asia is large. A standard deviation of 20%–32% is observed from the daily averaged wind energy outputs. In the modelling, the optimal mix of solar and wind energy was decided by the mathematical optimisation as is described in Section 2.4.
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